Jundishapur Journal of Health Sciences
Jundishapur Journal of Health Sciences

article information

Jundishapur Journal of Health Sciences: Vol.11, issue 4; e97275
published online: October 22, 2019
article type: Research Article
received: August 17, 2019
revised: October 8, 2019
accepted: October 12, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/jjhs.97275
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Effect of Buffalo Milk on Rat’s Lung Exposed to Noise

authors:

avatar Zohre Jafarzadeh ORCID 1 , avatar Jamshid Alizadeh 1 , avatar Massumeh Ahmadizadeh ORCID 1 , 2 , *

Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Physiology Research Centers, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran

how to cite: Jafarzadeh Z, Alizadeh J, Ahmadizadeh M. Effect of Buffalo Milk on Rat’s Lung Exposed to Noise. Jundishapur J Health Sci. 2019;11(4):e97275. https://doi.org/10.5812/jjhs.97275.

Abstract

Background:

Noise is known as annoying sound that can cause damage in auditory and non-auditory systems in humans and animals. The role of diet in reducing the toxicity of xenobiotics has been growing. Milk has found as one of the nutrients with protective effects against the toxic effects of many chemicals.

Objectives:

The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of buffalo’s milk (BM) on noise-related injury in rat lung.

Methods:

Twenty adult male Wistar rats weighing 200 - 250 g were provided and kept under standard conditions. The rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 5). Group one was selected as the control group (without administration of buffalo’s milk (BM) and no noise exposure). The second group was given BM (1 mL/d) and exposed to 100 dB noise for four hours daily within two consecutive weeks. The animals of third group were exposed to 100 dB noise for four h daily through two consecutive weeks and the rats of the forth group were treated with BM (1 mL/d) daily for two consecutive weeks (without noise exposure). Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, all animals were killed with overdose of sodium pentobarbital. The lung tissues were removed and processed for malondialdeyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) biochemical tests and histopathological observations.

Results:

Noise exposure increased the level of MDA and reduced GSH level in animals compared to those in the unexposed (control) group. Exposure to noise also caused morphological modification in rat lung. BM did not alter biochemical and histopathological parameters in rat lung compared to the control rats. However, BM significantly decreased MDA and increased GSH levels and caused no obvious damage in the animals exposed to noise.

Conclusions:

The results of the present study indicated that noise caused damage in the rat lung and BM protected lung cells against the noise-induced toxicity.

1. Background

Noise pollution, especially for industrial workers has been a global concern. One of the adverse effects of noise has been known as a job stressor that generates various health problems and may cause both auditory and non-auditory harmful effects. Exposure to noise can cause several health disorders in humans and experimental animals, including hypertension, hearing loss and sleep disorder (1). Carugno et al. found that exposure to aircraft noise caused frustration, sleep disorder and hypertension in adults living near the airports (2). Yildirim et al. demonstrated that hearing loss in textile workers is associated with blood oxidative stress (3). Exposure to noise also caused injuries to the liver, kidneys and lung in rat (4). Demirel et al. found noise-induced oxidative stress in rat sera (5). Reduction of antioxidants, including catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione (GSH) and also induction of malondialdehyde as an indicator of lipid peroxidation were noted in human and experimental animals following exposure to noise (3, 5).

Diet plays an important role in reducing the toxic effects of xenobiotics (6). McFadden et al. showed that vitamin C reduced noise-induced hearing loss (7). Puga et al. found the health benefits of nutritional compounds, such as proteins. Vitamins can prevent hearing loss in animal models (8). Milk is one of the main sources of nutrients. It contains many vital elements, including protein, calcium, zinc, vitamin A and vitamin C (9). Water buffalo milk (BM) is consumed in many countries. It contains high levels of vital nutrients and it also exhibits antioxidant properties (9-11). Studies on the role of diet in reducing the toxicity of substances have received much attention from researchers. Recently, it has been reported that milk can have a protective role against chemical-induced toxicity.

2. Objectives

The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of milk on noise-induced injury in rat lung.

3. Methods

Twenty adult male Wistar rats weighting 200 - 250 g were obtained from the maintenance center of laboratory of animals, Ahwaz Jundishapur University Medical Sciences and kept under standard conditions. They were housed in groups of three in clear polypropylene cages in a room with 12-hour light/12-hour darkness cycles and controlled temperature. Animals were allowed to access food and tap water ad libitum. The rats were randomly divided into four groups (each group five animals). Group one was selected as control (without BM administration and no noise exposure). The animals were kept in the chambers with the same specification as that of the experimental groups, except for the noise exposure group. The second group was given BM (1 mL/d) and exposed to 100 dB noise four hours daily through two consecutive weeks. The animals of the third group were exposed to 100 dB noise for four hours daily within two consecutive weeks and the rats of the forth group were treated with 1 mL/d BM daily for two consecutive weeks (without noise exposure). The methods and amount of milk intake and also the selected sound intensity were based on the previous studies (12-16).

Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, all animals were killed with overdose of sodium pentobarbital. The lung tissues were removed and processed for malondialdeyde (MDA) and GSH biochemical tests as well as histopathological observations.

The method by Buege and Aust was used for evaluation of MDA level (17) and for determination of GSH concentration, Ellman’s technique was applied (18).

For histopathological observation, the lung tissues were fixed in formalin and processed for light microscopy using hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining technique.

3.1. Data Analysis

Biochemical data were expressed as mean ± standard error. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) , followed by Tukey post hoc test with the probability value of P < 0.05 as statistically significant.

4. Results

The level of GSH reduced markedly (P ≤ 0.05) in the rats’ lungs following exposure to noise compared to the control (unexposed to noise) group. In comparison to the control rats, BM did not alter GSH levels. However, pretreatment with BM and exposure to noise significantly increased GSH levels in comparison to the rats with no pretreatment and exposure to noise (Figure 1).

Effect of buffalo milk and noise on rats’ lung glutathione (GSH) level. *Significantly different from the control rats (P ≤ 0.05); **significantly different from the noise exposed rats (P ≤ 0.05).
Effect of buffalo milk and noise on rats’ lung glutathione (GSH) level. *Significantly different from the control rats (P ≤ 0.05); **significantly different from the noise exposed rats (P ≤ 0.05).
Figure 1.

Effect of buffalo milk and noise on rats’ lung glutathione (GSH) level. *Significantly different from the control rats (P ≤ 0.05); **significantly different from the noise exposed rats (P ≤ 0.05).

The noise exposure rats showed elevated lung MDA Level than the unexposed group (P < 0.05). BM had no effect on lung MDA level compared to the control group, but significantly diminished MDA level in the exposed rats in comparison to the non-pretreated rats exposed to noise (Figure 2).

Effect of buffalo milk and noise on rats’ lung malondialdehyde (MDA) level. *Significantly different from the control rats (P ≤ 0.05); **significantly different from the noise exposed rats (P ≤ 0.05).
Effect of buffalo milk and noise on rats’ lung malondialdehyde (MDA) level. *Significantly different from the control rats (P ≤ 0.05); **significantly different from the noise exposed rats (P ≤ 0.05).
Figure 2.

Effect of buffalo milk and noise on rats’ lung malondialdehyde (MDA) level. *Significantly different from the control rats (P ≤ 0.05); **significantly different from the noise exposed rats (P ≤ 0.05).

In control rats, lung tissue was intact and there was no detectable injury in the tissues (Figure 3). However, noise caused damage in the lung tissue, which is shown by obvious infiltration of inflammatory cells into alveolar space, thickening of the alveolar cell walls as well as hypertrophy of type II epithelial cells (Figure 4). BM had no impact on rats’ lung tissues. However, it protected the rats’ lung tissues against undesirable effects of noise (Figure 5).

Light micrograph of the lung of the control rat showed no observable injury to the lung cells (H & E 20×).
Light micrograph of the lung of the control rat showed no observable injury to the lung cells (H & E 20×).
Figure 3.

Light micrograph of the lung of the control rat showed no observable injury to the lung cells (H & E 20×).

Light micrograph of the lung of the rat exposed to noise, which indicates extensive injuries, including the marked infiltration of inflammatory cells into the alveolar space and septal thickening (H & E 40×).
Light micrograph of the lung of the rat exposed to noise, which indicates extensive injuries, including the marked infiltration of inflammatory cells into the alveolar space and septal thickening (H & E 40×).
Figure 4.

Light micrograph of the lung of the rat exposed to noise, which indicates extensive injuries, including the marked infiltration of inflammatory cells into the alveolar space and septal thickening (H & E 40×).

Light micrograph of the lung of rats pretreated with BM and exposed to noise. No obvious injuries were detected in the lung tissue (H & E 40×).
Light micrograph of the lung of rats pretreated with BM and exposed to noise. No obvious injuries were detected in the lung tissue (H & E 40×).
Figure 5.

Light micrograph of the lung of rats pretreated with BM and exposed to noise. No obvious injuries were detected in the lung tissue (H & E 40×).

5. Discussion

Noise pollution is one of the main concerns in modern societies. Noise not only causes hearing loss, but also affects other vital organs, including the liver, kidneys and the respiratory system (4). Several studies have focused on the impact of noise on auditory system. However, the harm effects of noise on the non-auditory organs are increasing. We found that noise induced lung injury in the studied rats. Exposure of noise in rats is associated with the elevation of MDA as an indicator of lipid peroxidation (3) and depletion of GSH compared to those in the unexposed control rats. Farzadinia et al. described that noise may have harm effects on male rats’ fertility (19). Munzel et al. showed that short-term exposure of aircraft noise induced vascular dysfunction (20). Xue et al. found that high frequency steady noise induced histopathological damages in various rat vital organs, including brain, liver, spleen and heart tissue (21). Oliveira et al. reported that the rats exposed to noise showed the significant enhancement of connective tissue in centrilobular zone of the liver (14). Grande et al. described lung parenchyma alteration in rat lung following exposure to noise (22). Modification of rat tracheal epithelial cells was observed following exposure to noise (23). Structural and functional damages were noted in rat lung after exposure to high-energy impulse noise (24).

Similar to other tissues, lung is also susceptible to the noise-induced toxicity. Noise-induced oxidative stress in lung tissue has generally accepted (3, 5). Elsayed et al. reported that exposure to blast waves caused damaged rat lung. They also showed that exposure to blast waves induced reactive free-radical intermediates in the lung characterized by lipid peroxidation and depleted antioxidant level (25). Pretreatments of rats with vitamin E as an antioxidant agent reduced oxidative stress caused by noise exposure in rat lung (26).

It is generally considered that proper diet can potentially protect the living organism against harmful effects of reactive chemical species (27).

Water buffalo milk is consumed in many countries. It contains high levels of vitamin A, iron, copper, phosphorous, magnesium and other trace elements with antioxidant activity, as well (9-12).

To our knowledge, the effect of milk on noise-induced lung injury has not yet been reported.

Our findings showed that treatment with BM prior to noise exposure alleviated noise-induced injury in rat lung. The protective role of BM could be attributed to its antioxidant capacity.

5.1. Conclusions

Our results indicated noise-induced injury in rat lung. Our findings indicating that noise elevated MDA and depleted GSH levels support the fact that generation of oxidative stress in the lung at least in part is associated with lung toxicity. BM has an antioxidant property and is able to prevent lung tissue against adverse effects of noise.

Acknowledgements

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